ARP 地址分类 NAT技术
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第1章 OSI回顾
1.1 TCP/IP协议族组成
应用层 主机到主机层 互联网层 网络接入层
1.2 总结应用层掌握的协议与端口号对应关系
http(80) telnet(23) ftp(21/20) smtp(25) dns(53) pop3(110) tftp(69)
1.2.1 总结传输层掌握的协议(tcp与udp对比关系)
cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_local_port_range -–随机端口号查看文件
socket条目信息(五元组概念)
1.3 TCP 三次握手与四次挥手过程
1.3.1 TCP 十一种状态转换关系
第2章 ARP 协议
2.1 ARP协议作用
2.2 ARP协议的工作原理
2.3 ARP请求的报文格式
2.4 Linux中ARP高速缓存的查看和修改方法
2.4.1 查看ARP缓存
2.4.2 删除IP为10.0.0.8 对应的ARP缓存
2.4.3 添加IP为10.0.0.8 和 对应的ARP缓存
第3章 IP地址
3.1 ip地址定义(常见的地址版本位ipv4和ipv6)
点分十进制:
3.2 十进制与二进制转换
3.2.1 基准数值
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 等线;">128</span>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 等线;">64</span>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 等线;">32</span>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 等线;">16</span>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 等线;">8</span>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 等线;">4</span>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 等线;">2</span>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 等线;">1</span>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 等线;">10000000</span>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 等线;">01000000</span>
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<p style="text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 等线;">00100000</span>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 等线;">00010000</span>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 等线;">00001000</span>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 等线;">00000100</span>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 等线;">00000010</span>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 等线;">00000001</span>
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3.2.1.1 示例 十进制转二进制
3.2.1.2 示例 二进制转十进制
3.3 ip地址的分类
3.3.1 按照范围
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<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微软雅黑',sans-serif; color: white;">可用范围</span></strong>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微软雅黑',sans-serif; color: white;">保留地址范围</span></strong>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微软雅黑',sans-serif; color: red;">A</span></strong>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;">1.0.0.0 </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;">到 126.0.0.0</span></strong>
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<p style="line-height: normal;">
<strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;">0.0.0.0 </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;">和127.0.0.0</span></strong>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微软雅黑',sans-serif; color: red;">B</span></strong>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;">128.0.0.0</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;">到191.254.0.0</span></strong>
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<p style="line-height: normal;">
<strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;">128.0.0.0</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;">和191.255.0.0</span></strong>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微软雅黑',sans-serif; color: red;">C</span></strong>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;">192.0.1.0</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;">到223.255.254.0</span></strong>
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<p style="line-height: normal;">
<strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;">192.0.0.0 </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;">和 223.255.225.0</span></strong>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;">D</span></strong>
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<p style="line-height: normal;">
<strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;">224.0.0.0 </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;">到 239.255.255.255</span></strong>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;">用于多点广播</span></strong>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;">E</span></strong>
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<p style="line-height: normal;">
<strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;">240.0.0.0 </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;">到 255.255.255.254</span></strong>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;">255.255.255.255 </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;">用于广播</span></strong>
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3.3.2 ip地址分类详解
3.3.3 特殊ip地址说明:
主机位全为的成为网络地址。
主机位全为1的成为广播地址,即向所有人发出消息。
3.3.4 按网络通信方式划分
三种常见的网络通讯类型
就是点到点的通讯,例如A-B的通信方式
也是一对多的方式,但是可以根据需要进行接收,如果不想接收可以进行过滤
在一定的范围内,所有成员都会收到信息,称为广播信息,并且每个成员都要收取,都要进行处理。
3.3.5 根据通讯类型划分
表示在网络的ipv4主机地址范围内,最小地址保留位网络地址,此地址的主机部分的每个主机位均为0.
用于向局域网络中的所有主机发送数据的特殊地址。广播地址使用该网络范围内的最大地址,即主机位全部为1的地址。
分配给网络中终端设备的地址。
3.3.6 总结
3.3.7 特殊说明
域网中有效识别,但一旦出局域网到达公网,就没有任何意思了,因此为解决这种问题,就出现了一种技术称为NAT,即地址的映射技术。
3.4 NAT技术
3.4.1 基本网络地址转换(Basic NAT)
基本NAT要维护一个无端口号NAT表,结构如下。
3.4.2 网络地址端口转换(NAPT)
NAPT维护一个带有IP以及端口号的NAT表,结构如下。
3.4.3 NAT图解
3.5 子网划分
3.5.1 定义
3.5.2 不对子网进行划分的问题
3.5.3 子网掩码
利用掩码标识主类地址信息
只要是网络位二进制为1 主机位为
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<strong><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 等线; color: white;">起始位</span></strong>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 等线; color: white;">开始</span></strong>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 等线; color: white;">结束</span></strong>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 等线; color: white;">点分十进制掩码</span></strong>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: #222222;">A</span></strong>
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<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: #222222;"></span>
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<p style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: #222222;">0.0.0.0</span>
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<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: #222222;">127.0.0.0</span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 75.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid #C2D69B 1.0pt; border-right: solid #C2D69B 1.0pt; background: #EAF1DD; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 16.8pt;" valign="top" width="101">
<p style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: #222222;">255.0.0.0</span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.8pt;">
<td style="width: 49.8pt; border-right: 1pt solid #c2d69b; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c2d69b; border-left: 1pt solid #c2d69b; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 16.8pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center">
<strong><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: #222222;">B</span></strong>
</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 55.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid #C2D69B 1.0pt; border-right: solid #C2D69B 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 16.8pt;" valign="top" width="74">
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: #222222;">10</span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 57.0pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid #C2D69B 1.0pt; border-right: solid #C2D69B 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 16.8pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<p style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: #222222;">128.0.0.0</span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 73.05pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid #C2D69B 1.0pt; border-right: solid #C2D69B 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 16.8pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<p style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: #222222;">191.255.0.0</span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 75.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid #C2D69B 1.0pt; border-right: solid #C2D69B 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 16.8pt;" valign="top" width="101">
<p style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: #222222;">255.255.0.0</span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.8pt;">
<td style="width: 49.8pt; border-right: 1pt solid #c2d69b; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c2d69b; border-left: 1pt solid #c2d69b; border-top: none; background: #eaf1dd; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 16.8pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center">
<strong><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: #222222;">C</span></strong>
</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 55.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid #C2D69B 1.0pt; border-right: solid #C2D69B 1.0pt; background: #EAF1DD; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 16.8pt;" valign="top" width="74">
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: #222222;">110</span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 57.0pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid #C2D69B 1.0pt; border-right: solid #C2D69B 1.0pt; background: #EAF1DD; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 16.8pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<p style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: #222222;">192.0.0.0</span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 73.05pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid #C2D69B 1.0pt; border-right: solid #C2D69B 1.0pt; background: #EAF1DD; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 16.8pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<p style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: #222222;">223.255.255.0</span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 75.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid #C2D69B 1.0pt; border-right: solid #C2D69B 1.0pt; background: #EAF1DD; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 16.8pt;" valign="top" width="101">
<p style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: #222222;">255.255.255.0</span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
3.5.4 子网划分示例 【172.16.0.0/18】
3.5.5 192.168.1.0/28 地址对应掩码地址、主机地址、以及每段子网中的网络地址和广播地址。
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
掩码地址:
255.255.255.240
主机地址
#
<li>
<a href="#13_TCP">1.3 TCP 三次握手与四次挥手过程</a><ul>
<li>
<a href="#131_TCP">1.3.1 TCP 十一种状态转换关系</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#2_ARP">第2章 ARP 协议</a><ul>
<li>
<a href="#21_ARP">2.1 ARP协议作用</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#22_ARP">2.2 ARP协议的工作原理</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#23_ARP">2.3 ARP请求的报文格式</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#24_LinuxARP">2.4 Linux中ARP高速缓存的查看和修改方法</a><ul>
<li>
<a href="#241_ARP">2.4.1 查看ARP缓存</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#242_IP10008_ARP">2.4.2 删除IP为10.0.0.8 对应的ARP缓存</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#243_IP10008_ARP">2.4.3 添加IP为10.0.0.8 和 对应的ARP缓存</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#3_IP">第3章 IP地址</a><ul>
<li>
<a href="#31_ipipv4ipv6">3.1 ip地址定义(常见的地址版本位ipv4和ipv6)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#32">3.2 十进制与二进制转换</a><ul>
<li>
<a href="#321">3.2.1 基准数值</a><ul>
<li>
<a href="#3211">3.2.1.1 示例 十进制转二进制</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#3212">3.2.1.2 示例 二进制转十进制</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#33_ip">3.3 ip地址的分类</a><ul>
<li>
<a href="#331">3.3.1 按照范围</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#332_ip">3.3.2 ip地址分类详解</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#333_ip">3.3.3 特殊ip地址说明:</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#334">3.3.4 按网络通信方式划分</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#335">3.3.5 根据通讯类型划分</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#336">3.3.6 总结</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#337">3.3.7 特殊说明</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#34_NAT">3.4 NAT技术</a><ul>
<li>
<a href="#341_Basic_NAT">3.4.1 基本网络地址转换(Basic NAT)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#342_NAPT">3.4.2 网络地址端口转换(NAPT)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#343_NAT">3.4.3 NAT图解</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#35">3.5 子网划分</a><ul>
<li>
<a href="#351">3.5.1 定义</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#352">3.5.2 不对子网进行划分的问题</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#353">3.5.3 子网掩码</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#354_172160018">3.5.4 子网划分示例 【172.16.0.0/18】</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#355_1921681028">3.5.5 192.168.1.0/28 地址对应掩码地址、主机地址、以及每段子网中的网络地址和广播地址。</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
- 原文作者:惨绿少年
- 原文链接:https://clsn.io/clsn/lx948.html
- 版权声明:本作品采用知识共享署名-非商业性使用-禁止演绎 4.0 国际许可协议进行许可,非商业转载请注明出处(作者,原文链接),商业转载请联系作者获得授权。